Sexuality in ancient Rome: A profoundly liberated society
The history of ancient Rome is often associated with stories rich in orgies, libertinage and decadence. But what is really happening to sexuality in this ancient society? Let’s dive into history and find out how sexually liberated Rome was.
Acceptance of homosexuality
Unlike many other civilizations, ancient Rome had a rather open view of homosexuality. Roman men could have sexual desires for both women and other men. The rules were strict regarding dominance roles during sexual relations, whether between men or between men and women.
It was important for men to be in a dominant position and those who allowed themselves to be penetrated were often ridiculed. This is why many men preferred to have sex with male slaves to avoid being stigmatized.
Prostitution was legal
In Roman society, sexual activity was a social norm and men were expected to be active in this regard. However, sexual inactivity was ridiculed among free men. This is why prostitution was a legal and taxed activity in ancient Rome. Prostitutes, often slaves, were present in taverns, brothels and other public places. Adultery with prostitutes was even exempt from the law, considered a legal means of satisfying one’s sexual desires outside of marriage.
Pleasures of the senses and orgies
Roman meals were often an opportunity to mix food and sensuality. We speak of sumptuous feasts where actors, musicians, mimes and courtesans mingled. Some of the performances included erotic dancing and re-enactments of sexual scenes. The famous Emperor Tiberius was known for his pornographic shows held in his palace on Capri. Actors playing male prostitutes performed sexual acts in front of a select audience.
Pornographic art in Rome
Pornographic depictions were widespread in Roman art. Erotic statues, mosaics and frescoes with sexual connotations could be found in the brothels, baths and private residences of Pompeii. Sexuality was treated without taboo in comedies, letters, poetry as well as in other literary works of the time.
Women, a more restricted sexuality
Ironically, while Roman society was rather tolerant towards male homosexuality and prostitution, it was much more rigid towards women. Women were often expected to demonstrate modesty and sexual restraint. Unmarried women were expected to remain virgins, while married women were expected to limit their sexual activities to their husbands.
Conclusion
Ancient Rome was a sexually liberated society, at least for men. Homosexuality, prostitution and orgies were an integral part of Roman life. However, this sexual freedom was one-sided, as women were often subject to more restrictive standards. Regardless, the history of sexuality in ancient Rome remains a fascinating mix of libertinism and social control.